Calorie: A unit of ENERGY 

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There are two types of calories.

*The small calorie(symbol: cal) is defined as the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere

*The large Calorie(symbol: Cal) also known as the food calorie and similar names, is defined: The heat energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius

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In the past the energy content of food was determined by burning a sample and measuring a temperature change in the surrounding water.

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Today Calories in the USA is determined indirectly from adding up the energy provided by energy-containing nutrients of foods such as: protein, carbohydrates and fats. Then the fiber content is subtracted because fiber is not digested by the body.

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But here is the problem we now call all animal and plant fiber as fiber and we call starch a carbohydrate. These two elements are not the same as carbohydrate and fiber.

Animal fiber and starch have different Nutritional caloric values than dietary fiber and carbohydrates. 

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These subtle changes allowed GMO class foods to be included as carbohydrates and having dietary fiber

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